what is not normally part of transitioning to a new system?

The old and new systems are doing the same processing and operating side by side

Parallel running is a strategy for organization changeover where a new system slowly assumes the roles of the older organisation while both systems operate simultaneously.^{[1] [2]} This conversion takes place as the engineering science of the old system is outdated so a new system is needed to exist installed to replace the old ane.^[3] Later on a period of time, when the system is proved to be working correctly, the onetime system will exist removed completely and users volition depend solely on the new organization. The phrase parallel running tin refer to the process of changing a fragment of business information technology performance to a new system or to the technique applied past the man resource departments in which the existing staff stay on board during the transition to a new staff.^[4]

Overview [edit]

The new system needs to be implemented once it has been congenital and tested so that it is carrying out the jobs well co-ordinate to the objectives. This involves a few initial steps which are:^{[ii] [5]}

• ensuring the right hardware and software take been prepared; any boosted hardware and software are prepared and stored until they are implemented. Before setting up the hardware and software, they need to exist checked for errors
• arranging training of staff in using the new arrangement; This includes those who will operate the new system and those who will support others in the initial phases of implementation such as Network Administrator and managers.
• inputting data; Data need to be input to the data files in the new system either manually or by downloading them from the onetime organisation.

To implement the new system, a parallel running strategy can be applied in which the new system is run alongside the sometime organization for a specified time. Parallel running is unlike from the term parallel processing. In that location are also other possible strategies that can be used for implementation of the new system. All of the implementation strategies come with their own advantages and disadvantages. So, it depends on the requirement of the organisation to choose which implementation strategy they want to utilize.

The procedure [edit]

During changeover, a new organisation and an existing system run side by side for an agreed menstruation of time. This should be long enough to ensure that all aspects of the new organisation has been confirmed that it can piece of work properly. Both input the same data and perform the aforementioned processes. This will compare their output and prove the reliability of the new system. If the new organisation is accepted, the existing organisation will stop running and volition be replaced past the new ane.^[6] If both old and new systems are computerized, the input data can be held on a deejay or tape and run meantime on both systems. If irresolute from a manual organisation to computerized arrangement, the main problem is inputting the information. Information needs to be input manually and this may have a long fourth dimension.^[7]

Advantages [edit]

Parallel running allows results to be compared to ensure that the new organization is working without any errors. If errors are found, user tin refer to the old system to resolve the problem and make modifications to the new organization thus operation can keep under the sometime organisation while the problems are sorted out. This also allows training of staff and help them to gain confidence in the new arrangement.^[5]

Disadvantages [edit]

The toll of implementation is very expensive considering of the need to operate the ii systems at the same time.^[viii] It is a great expense in terms of electricity and operation costs. This would be prohibitive with a big and circuitous arrangement.^{[9] [10]} Parallel running implementation likewise requires a lot of time and needs frequent maintenance. This volition slow production in a firm every bit workers need to do twice their normal workload for a period of fourth dimension in order to reach the same goal for both systems. This involves inputting or changing the aforementioned data for both systems to ensure the information are identical in both systems.^[three]

Examples of parallel running implementation [edit]

The applied example of parallel running in human resource direction is job placement. New staff and old staff work for the same chore. If the new staff's performance is OK, the existing staff may not be needed whatever more, and will be replaced. Some other example is when a new firm which undergoes change in ownership and wants to recruit new staff to operate the business firm. Making the change all at in one case tin can cause problems if the new staff exercise not know the nuts of the operation. For this reason the house volition keep the existing staff on board for a specified time to practise their normal jobs while the new staff shadows them and gets the hands-on feel they require. Once the results of the new staff friction match the results of the existing staff in terms of productivity and operational jobs, the existing staff can exist let get. Many business firms use the strategy of parallel running as a way to ensure that the calculator software are capable of doing the tasks it is designed for. The old software and the new software receive the same input from the business firm. The outputs from both software programs are compared after a period of time to make sure the transition to the new organization completely are mistake gratis.^[iv] Another instance is a publishing house which is producing textbooks. They decide to run the accounts office of the business by investing in a new computerized system. The existing account organisation is outdated and is not suitable for use with new hardware. The new organisation is implemented using parallel running strategy and then all accounts and invoices have to be handled both in the new and old systems. If the new system does not function correctly, data from the old organization tin can be used. However, everything needs to be washed twice, which volition slow down the accounts section and price money in hiring more than staff. This system is safety and the new system can exist precisely tested every bit every transaction can be compared with the result from the old system.^[two] Information technology is also applied when using a new computerized system to create cursory reference records and generate orders but maintaining the old transmission organisation for final financial command until the new system has been confirmed that it can function correctly.^[11]

Mail-implementation review [edit]

After implementing the new organisation, comes the mail service-implementation review stage which normally takes place 3 to 6 months. The review is conducted to:^[12]

• determine whether the objectives of the new system accept been met; if the new system is running differently from the proposed objectives, the problems demand to exist adamant and farther modifications to the new organisation should be carried out. This is to make sure that the new organisation is capable of doing the tasks it is designed for.
• ensure that the users are using the system correctly; the reports should fulfil their purposes.
• make certain the system is maintainable and flexible; further improvement and additional features to the new organisation tin exist washed
• determine the flaws in the development process so that future systems can exist improved; avoid the same mistakes from happening again

Other methods of implementation [edit]

Other than Parallel Running, there are direct changeover, phased implementation and pilot running.^[13] Straight changeover is when the quondam organisation is completely removed and immediately replaced by the new system. This selection is risky as there may all the same be problems with the new arrangement.^[14] Information technology is the cheapest and simplest form of changeover merely if something goes wrong, the user cannot fall back on the old system. The staff must be fully trained in accelerate and all the files must be input to the new arrangement before it goes live.^{[two] [15]} In phased implementation, the organization is introduced gradually.^[eleven] Parts of the erstwhile organization are replaced while the remaining parts are all the same running in the old system. Equally an instance, a school was introducing Management Data System for all aspects of the school's operation. It could introduce the enrolment system, then four months after the examinations system and in a further iv months the timetabling system. As each new module is activated and confirmed to be functioning correctly, the next module can exist installed. It is likely that some modules will work with each other. For instance, the timetable module presume we have all the students data and so the order in which they are introduced must exist considered.^[16] Pilot running is when the new system is installed for merely a pocket-size number of users to test and evaluate the new system. The new system is implemented for all the users one time it is considered that it has been fully tested and able to function correctly. The examination users can aid in training others on how to use the new system. This implementation strategy is very useful for a system with a large number of users because information technology can ensure that all the users can use the system effectively.^[17]

Human-computer considerations [edit]

Implementation of a computerized arrangement from a transmission system tin cause restructuring inside an organisation. People'southward position and status may change. These changes can alter people'due south awareness of employment, security, authorisation and interaction with other staff. People decline to change to a new estimator system may exist related to the inability of the system to do specific chore requirements, security aspects, possible loss of data, concern well-nigh making mistakes when using the system and effects on health. Also, computerized system tin can affect managers in terms of their management role and conclusion making procedure. Systems which are user friendly often meet less refusal as users feel comfortable with the organisation, take sense of control and be able to evaluate their stored input data. The system itself should also exist sufficiently adaptable to suit different backgrounds and proficiency levels of users. Overcoming refusal to change and the adoption of the new system is a direction issue. This may exist influenced by the attitudes towards the system and knowledge of human-computer interaction. Thus communication skills are required to convince people of the benefits of the new arrangement. People should exist given opportunity to learn and evaluate the arrangement. Once they have seen and experienced the benefits of the new system, they volition be more set to take and run the organisation^[15]

Education and preparation of staff [edit]

The success of arrangement implementation is affected past the mode in which systems are operated. Thus, instruction and training for using the system can be carried out at various levels, by considering the size and complexity of the system. Staff and personal need to be informed well-nigh the overall information structure and how to operate the system. This will give some overall agreement of system in place and how information is handled throughout the organisation. Information organization infrastructures of the system demand to be adamant in order to determine what training requirements should exist carried out. Firms with circuitous systems involving operations between regional offices through network and distributed system will need data system managers, system operators and back up staff. In order to deal with problems, the staff volition need training in the operation of equipment and support services. For modest organisation where information systems are handled past departmental computers and software, staff may well have the responsibility of managing estimator systems in add-on to being users. This may be where system systems have been developed past end-users or through the use of awarding packages. Diverse preparation courses are available and this is in relation to the organisation information systems. Software houses and universities are often provide full general preparation courses and much will depend upon organisation requirements and the location of training centres. Supplier for a particular product also provides specific training related to their product or organization. Many companies which supply software have grooming divisions whose main purpose is to support customers and preparation tin can usually be conducted at the supplier'due south premises or system can choose for in-house training which takes identify in the system own facilities. Information technology is essential that the operators and users of the new system undergo training to ensure that they can run the arrangement correctly. The toll involved should therefore be viewed equally an investment in the organisation in order to achieve the expected goals.^[15]

See besides [edit]

• Implementation
• Application software
• Management
• Product software implementation method
• Parallel processing

References [edit]

1. ^ Wainwright, Stewart (2009). IGCSE and O level Computer Studies and Information Technology. Cambridge. p. 29.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Leadbetter, Chris; Blackford, Roger; Piper, Tony (2012). Cambridge International Every bit and A Level Calculating Coursebook. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Printing. p. 63. ISBN978-0-521-18662-9.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Parallel Conversion".
4. ^ ^{a b} B., Jim; Hughes, M. C. "What is parallel running?". Theorize Corporation.
5. ^ ^{a b} Cooper, David (2005). Computer Studies For A Level (Second ed.). Coventry, United Kingdom: theteacher.info Limited. p. 153. ISBN978-0-9543514-5-viii.
6. ^ "IGCSE ICT - Implementing the New System | IGCSE ICT".
7. ^ Howarth, Anne (1999). Information and Systems. Uk: Select Cognition Limited. p. 137. ISBN978-0744-62784-8.
8. ^ Shelly, Gary; Vermaat, Misty (2008). Discovering Reckoner: Fundamentals (Fifth ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Course Technology, Cengage Learning. p. 421. ISBN978-one-4239-2702-0.
9. ^ "Module 5: Systems implementation, testing, and support" (PDF).
10. ^ "CONVERSION STRATEGIES". 2007-05-14.
11. ^ ^{a b} Ferguson, Stuart J.; Hebels, Rodney (2003). Computers for Librarians: An Introduction to the Electronic Library (Third ed.). Wagga Wagga, New South Wales: Chandos Publishing. p. 243. ISBN978-ane-876938-60-4.
12. ^ Eccles, Yard.Yard.; Julyan, F.Westward.; Kicking, G.; Van Belle, J.P. (2000). The Principles of Concern Calculating (Fifth ed.). Lansdowne, Cape Town: Juta & Co. Ltd. p. 294. ISBN978-0-7021-5157-6.
13. ^ Shortell, Andrew; Stillman, Judith (2004). Data Processing & Management. Glebe, New South Wales: Pascal Press, Vivienne Petris Joannou. p. 46. ISBN978-1-74125-013-8.
14. ^ "Implementing a new estimator system".
15. ^ ^{a b c} Griffith, Alan; Stephenson, Paul; Watson, Paul (2000). Management Systems for Construction. New York, United states: Routledge. p. 330. ISBN978-0-582-31927-1.
16. ^ Piper, Tony (2013). Cambridge International AS and A Level Computing Revision Guide. Delhi, India: Cambridge University Printing. p. 55. ISBN9781107690554.
17. ^ "Pilot Conversion".

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_running

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